If I bought a house with a parcel of land, and a local concrete company owned the mining rights to that land; is there anything I could do that would prevent them from ever using those rights?

Ask a lawyer for an informed opinion. They'll (hopefully) have the tools to determine what this easement means for you as a potential homeowner on the parcel. The Maine Geological Survey has an item in their FAQ of some relevance.

I don't know how common these kinds of easements are in Maine, but I would not purchase any real property that could be used and abused at the whim of a corporation with a team of well paid lawyers.