If you read the article, it's more of an "it depends" answer.
Most phones have safety mechanisms built in to them to protect from things like overcharging or overheating during fast charging. They will also default to a low power charging state if it doesn't detect the correct signal from the charger.
There is a very rare possibility that a charger may not be grounded correctly and that's why it's recommended to stick with big brands if you're going with a 3rd party charger.
Unfortunately the battery temp limits are often too high and let the heat at go really high which shortens the lifespan of the battery. If I let my Pixel fast charge as it pleases, I'd have drastically reduced battery capacity today. Instead I use USB-A to USB-C cables and older chargers to limit the charging current and therefore heat.
No, it will fast charge to 80%, then restart charming just in time to hit 100% when your alarm goes off (or when it thinks you're going to wake up). There's no automatic slow charging other than thermal throttling.
I have a Pixel 8 and often use a generic 65W charger with it. The phone gets noticeably hot when charging more than 20%, I try to keep it between 40-80%.
Pixel 8 Pro here. It just did a bulk charge session at peak 5A, average 4.5A. That's nearly 1C. I didn't record the temp but just like yours it was noticeably hot. I only fast charge when I'm in a bind.
That said, I've always bought ~2 year old phones. They usually have batteries at 85% life (or more).
I haven't had fast charging hurt one significantly yet, and I've used it a lot on some phones.
Of course, I avoid using it as much as possible. I use a slow charger (1A,max) overnight and it's on a timer. On rooted phones I use a charge limiting app.
I know that with Samsung you can set up a 'routine' to disable fast charging according to a schedule you manually set. I don't think it goes all the way down to 5W but much slower than without the limiter