No it doesn't, Termux is just a set of Linux packages which are compiled to use the Android Termux application data directory as the base install path. There is no separation from the host system like a container does with Linux kernel namespaces. The only permission in Termux is what Android itself enforces.
You got me there, like a container without containing it?
But I suppose most like a privellaged container (as much as the android user is privellaged).
The most important connection in my analogy though was it runs its 'root'/those packages separately from the android operating system, cause we can't install our own packages there